Medical devices, apparatuses, systems and methods

ABSTRACT

Medical devices having a platform and an arm movable between a collapsed position and an expanded position. In some embodiments, the platform comprises at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged. Methods of use.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/783,440, filed May 19, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,044,256) which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to medical devices, apparatuses, systems, and methods, and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to medical devices, apparatuses, systems, and methods for performing medical procedures at least partially within a body cavity of a patient.

2. Description of Related Art

For illustration, the background is described with respect to medical procedures (e.g., surgical procedures), which can include laparoscopy, transmural surgery, and endoluminal surgery, including, for example, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS), and single-port laparoscopy (SLP).

Compared with open surgery, laparoscopy can result in significantly less pain, faster convalescence and less morbidity. NOTES, which can be an even less-invasive surgical approach, may achieve similar results. However, issues such as eye-hand dissociation, a two-dimensional field-of-view, instrumentation with limited degrees of freedom, and demanding dexterity requirements can pose challenges for many laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures. One limitation of laparoscopy can be the fixed working envelope surrounding each trocar. As a result, multiple ports may be used to accommodate changes in position of the instruments or laparoscope, for example, to improve visibility and efficiency. However, the placement of additional working ports may contribute to post-operative pain and increases risks, such as additional bleeding and adjacent organ damage.

The following published patent applications include information that may be useful in understanding the present medical devices, systems, and methods, and each is incorporated by reference in its entirety: (1) International Application No. PCT/US2009/063987, filed on Nov. 11, 2009; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/024,636, filed Dec. 14, 2001, and published as Pub. No. US 2003/0114731; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/999,396, filed Nov. 30, 2004, published as Pub. No. US 2005/0165449 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,429,259; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/741,731, filed Apr. 28, 2007, published as Pub. No. US 2007/0255273 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,691,103; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/146,953, filed Jun. 26, 2008, and published as Pub. No. US 2008/0269779; and (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/755,312, filed on Apr. 6, 2010.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure includes embodiments of medical devices, systems, and methods.

Some embodiments of the present medical devices comprise: a platform (e.g., a sterile platform) comprising at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged; an arm (e.g., a sterile arm) pivotally coupled to the platform such that the arm is rotatable around a rotational axis between a collapsed position and an expanded position; and a detent mechanism configured to adjustably fix the position of the arm relative to the platform. In some embodiments, the detent mechanism comprises a detent member coupled to one of the platform and the arm such that the detent member is biased in a bias direction toward the other of the platform and the arm. In some embodiments, the detent mechanism further comprises a spring configured to bias the detent member in the bias direction. In some embodiments, the detent member comprises a ball. In some embodiments, the platform comprises a resilient portion biased toward the arm, and the detent member comprises a protrusion extending from the resilient portion of the platform such that the detent member is biased in a bias direction toward the other of the platform and the arm. In some embodiments, the other of the platform and the arm comprises one or more indentations configured to receive the detent member. In some embodiments, the one or more indentations comprise a first indentation corresponding to the collapsed position of the arm and a second indentation corresponding to the expanded position of the arm. In some embodiments, the one or more indentations comprise a third indentation corresponding to at least one position of the arm between the collapsed position and the expanded position. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more indentations comprises a curved surface. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more indentations comprises a substantially semispherical surface. In some embodiments, the detent member of the detent mechanism is coupled to the platform, and the arm comprises the indentation. In some embodiments, the detent member of the detent mechanism is coupled to the arm, and the platform comprises the indentation. In some embodiments, the detent mechanism is configured such that the detent member can move linearly along a bias axis between an extended position and a collapsed position, In some embodiments, the bias axis is substantially perpendicular to the rotational axis. In some embodiments, the arm is rotatable in a rotational plane, and the bias axis is substantially parallel to the rotational plane. In some embodiments, the arm is rotatable in a rotational plane, and the bias axis is substantially perpendicular to the rotational plane.

Some embodiments of the present medical devices comprise: a platform; an arm pivotally coupled to the platform such that the arm is rotatable at least 90 degrees around a rotational axis between a collapsed position and an expanded position; a first gear coupled in fixed relation to the arm such that the rotational axis passes through the first gear; and a second gear rotatably coupled to the platform; where the medical device is configured such that: a tool can be coupled to the second gear such that the tool can be rotated to rotate the second gear; and if the second gear is rotated in a first rotational direction when the arm is in the collapsed position, then the arm will rotate from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. In some embodiments, the medical device is configured such that: if the second gear is rotated in a second rotational direction when the arm is in the expanded position, then the arm will rotate from the expanded position toward the collapsed position. In some embodiments, the second gear is configured to rotate around a first gear axis. In some embodiments, the arm is rotatable in a rotational plane, and the first gear axis is substantially parallel to the rotational plane. In some embodiments, the arm is rotatable in a rotational plane, and the first gear axis is substantially perpendicular to the rotational plane. Some embodiments further comprise: a third gear coupled to the first gear and the second gear such that if the second gear is rotated, the second gear will rotate the third gear and the third gear will rotate the first gear. In some embodiments, the third gear is configured to rotate around a second gear axis. In some embodiments, the second gear axis is substantially perpendicular to the first gear axis.

Some embodiments of the present medical devices comprise: a platform; an arm pivotally coupled to the platform such that the arm is rotatable around a rotational axis and in a rotational plane between a collapsed position and an expanded position; a first gear coupled in fixed relation to the arm such that the rotational axis passes through the first gear; a second gear rotatably coupled to the platform and configured to rotate around a first gear axis that is substantially perpendicular to the rotational axis of the arm and substantially parallel to the rotational plane of the arm; and a third gear coupled to the first gear and the second gear such that if the second gear is rotated, the second gear will rotate the third gear and the third gear will rotate the first gear; where the medical device is configured such that: a tool can be coupled to the second gear such that the tool can be rotated to rotate the second gear; and if the second gear is rotated in a first rotational direction when the arm is in the collapsed position, then the arm will rotate from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. In some embodiments, the platform comprises at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged.

Some embodiments of the present medical devices comprise: a platform; an arm having a hub that is pivotally coupled to the platform such that the arm is rotatable at least 90 degrees around a rotational axis between a collapsed position and an expanded position; a threaded member rotatably coupled to the platform; a shuttle coupled to the threaded member; and a shuttle arm having a first end coupled to the shuttle and a second end coupled to the hub of the arm; where the medical device is configured such that: a tool can be coupled to the threaded member such that the tool can be rotated to rotate the threaded member; and if the threaded member is rotated in a first rotational direction when the arm is in the collapsed position, then the shuttle will travel in a substantially linear first direction to cause the arm to rotate from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. In some embodiments, the medical device is configured such that: if the threaded member is rotated in a second rotational direction when the arm is in the expanded position, then the shuttle will travel in a substantially linear second direction substantially opposite the first direction to cause the arm to rotate from the expanded position toward the collapsed position. In some embodiments, the threaded member is configured to rotate around a member axis. In some embodiments, the arm is rotatable in a rotational plane, and the member axis is substantially parallel to the rotational plane. In some embodiments, the platform comprises at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged.

Some embodiments of the present medical devices comprise: a platform; an arm coupled to the platform with a pin slidably disposed within a cam slot defined within one of the platform and the arm, the pin being coupled to the other of the platform and the arm, the arm movable between an expanded position and a collapsed position; a threaded member rotatably coupled to the platform; and a shuttle coupled to the threaded member and pivotally coupled to the arm; where the medical device is configured such that: a tool can be coupled to the threaded member such that the tool can be rotated to rotate the threaded member; and if the threaded member is rotated in a first rotational direction when the arm is in the collapsed position, then the shuttle will travel in a substantially linear first direction to cause the arm to move from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. In some embodiments, the platform has length, a longitudinal axis, and a guide rod that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. In some embodiments, the shuttle is slidably coupled to the guide rod. In some embodiments, the medical device is configured such that: if the threaded member is rotated in a first rotational direction when the arm is in the collapsed position, then the shuttle will travel in a substantially linear first direction along the guide rod to cause the arm to move from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. In some embodiments, the platform comprises at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged.

Some embodiments of the present medical devices comprise: a platform; an arm pivotally coupled to the platform such that the arm is rotatable around a rotational axis between a collapsed position and an expanded position; and a spring configured to bias the arm toward the platform in a first direction that substantially parallel to the rotational axis; where the medical device is configured such that: in the absence of an external force the arm can contact the platform such that the arm is substantially prevented from rotating relative to the platform; a tool can be coupled to the arm to move the arm relative to the platform in a second direction that is substantially parallel to the rotational axis; and if the arm is moved in the second direction such that the arm is separated from the platform then the arm is permitted to rotate relative to the platform. In some embodiments, one of the platform and the arm comprises a tongue, the other of the platform and the arm comprises a groove, and the device is configured such that if the tongue is aligned with the groove and the arm contacts the platform, the tongue and groove cooperate to substantially prevent rotation of the arm relative to the platform. In some embodiments, the other of the platform and the arm comprises two grooves. In some embodiments, the two grooves intersect each other and the rotational axis. In some embodiments, the intersecting grooves are disposed at an angle of between 30 and 60 degrees relative to one another. In some embodiments, one of the two grooves corresponds to the collapsed position of the arm, and the other of the two grooves corresponds to the expanded position of the arm. In some embodiments, the platform comprises at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged.

Some embodiments of the present medical devices comprise: a platform comprising a first set of teeth; an arm pivotally coupled to the platform such that the arm is rotatable around a rotational axis between a collapsed position and an expanded position, the arm comprising a second set of teeth; and a spring configured to bias one of the arm and the platform against the other of the arm and the platform; where the medical device is configured such that: in the absence of an external force, the first set of teeth contacts the second set of teeth such that the arm is substantially prevented from rotating relative to the platform; and a tool can be coupled to the medical device to rotate the arm around the rotational axis. In some embodiments, the platform comprises at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged.

Some embodiments of the present medical devices comprise: a platform; an arm pivotally coupled to the platform such that the arm is rotatable at least 90 degrees around a rotational axis between a collapsed position and an expanded position; a motor coupled to the arm; a first gear coupled in fixed relation to the platform; and a second gear coupled to the motor; where the medical device is configured such that: if the motor is actuated to rotate the second gear in a first rotational direction when the arm is in the collapsed position, then the arm will rotate from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. Some embodiments further comprise: a third gear rotatably coupled to the platform such that the third gear is configured to rotate around the rotational axis. In some embodiments, the platform comprises at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged.

Some embodiments of the present medical devices comprise: a platform; an arm having a hub that is pivotally coupled to the platform such that the arm is rotatable at least 90 degrees around a rotational axis between a collapsed position and an expanded position; a member movably coupled to the platform; a shuttle coupled to the member; and a shuttle arm having a first end coupled to the shuttle and a second end coupled to the hub of the arm; where the medical device is configured such that: a tool can be coupled to the member to move the member; and if the member is moved in a substantially linear first direction when the arm is in the collapsed position, then the shuttle will travel in the first direction to cause the arm to rotate from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. Some embodiments further comprise: a spring configured to bias the member is a second direction that is substantially opposite the first direction such that if the arm is deployed and the member is moved in the second direction, the spring will cause the arm to rotate toward the collapsed position. In some embodiments, the platform comprises at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged.

In some embodiments, the platform comprises a magnetically-attractive material. In some embodiments, the magnetically-attractive material includes a magnet. In some embodiments, the magnetically-attractive material includes two magnets. In some embodiments, the platform has a coupling side; each magnet has an N pole and an S pole; and the N pole of one magnet is oriented toward the coupling side, and the S pole of the other magnet is oriented toward the coupling side. In some embodiments, when the arm is in the collapsed position, the device is at least partially defined by a maximum transverse perimeter that is less than about 7 inches. In some embodiments, the area circumscribed by the maximum transverse perimeter is less than about 3.2 square inches.

In some embodiments, the platform is at least partially defined by a maximum transverse perimeter, and the platform has a longitudinal recess; the arm has a central longitudinal axis; and when the arm is in the collapsed position, the central longitudinal axis of the arm passes through the maximum transverse perimeter of the platform.

Any embodiment of any of the present systems, apparatuses, devices, and methods can consist of or consist essentially of—rather than comprise/include/contain/have—any of the described elements and/or features. Thus, in any of the claims, the term “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” can be substituted for any of the open-ended linking verbs recited above, in order to change the scope of a given claim from what it would otherwise be using the open-ended linking verb.

Details associated with the embodiments described above and others are presented below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings illustrate by way of example and not limitation. For the sake of brevity and clarity, every feature of a given structure is not always labeled in every figure in which that structure appears. Identical reference numbers do not necessarily indicate an identical structure. Rather, the same reference number may be used to indicate a similar feature or a feature with similar functionality, as may non-identical reference numbers.

FIG. 1 depicts a graphical representation of one of the present medical devices positioned within a body cavity of a patient and magnetically coupled to a positioning apparatus that is located outside the cavity.

FIG. 2 is an end view of the medical device and positioning apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are bottom and side-cross-sectional views, respectively, of one of the present positioning apparatuses.

FIGS. 4A-4H depict various views of one embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 5A-5E depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 6A-6E depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 7A-7G depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 8A-8B depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 9A-9C depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 10A-10E depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 11A-11E depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 12A-12C depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 13A-13I depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 14A-14D depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 15A-15C depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 16A-16B depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 17A-17B depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 18A-18J depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 19A-19K depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 20A-20F depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 21A-21B depict various views of an arm suitable for use with the medical device of FIGS. 20A-20F.

FIGS. 22A-22E depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 23A-23F depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

FIGS. 24A-24F depict various views of another embodiment of the present medical devices.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The term “coupled” is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically; two items that are “coupled” may be integral with each other. The terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more unless this disclosure explicitly requires otherwise. The term “substantially” is defined as being largely but not necessarily wholly what is specified, as understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. For example, in any of the present embodiments, the term “substantially” may be substituted with “within [a percentage] of” what is specified, where the percentage includes any of 5, 10, and/or 15 percent.

The terms “comprise” (and any form of comprise, such as “comprises” and “comprising”), “have” (and any form of have, such as “has” and “having”), “include” (and any form of include, such as “includes” and “including”) and “contain” (and any form of contain, such as “contains” and “containing”) are open-ended linking verbs. As a result, a system, medical device, or apparatus that “comprises,” “has,” “includes” or “contains” one or more elements possesses those one or more elements, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more elements. Likewise, an element of a system, medical device, or apparatus that “comprises,” “has,” “includes” or “contains” one or more features possesses those one or more features, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more features. For example, a medical device that comprises a platform and a magnetically-attractive material includes the specified features but is not limited to having only those features. Such a medical device could also include, for example, an arm coupled to the platform.

Further, a device or structure that is configured in a certain way is configured in at least that way, but it can also be configured in other ways than those specifically described.

Referring now to the drawings, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 by reference numeral 10 is one embodiment of a system for medical procedures that can be used with the present invention. System 10 is shown in conjunction with a patient 14, and more particularly in FIG. 1 is shown relative to a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the ventral cavity 18 of a human patient 14, and in FIG. 2 is shown relative to a transverse cross-sectional view of the ventral cavity of the patient. For brevity, cavity 18 is shown in simplified conceptual form without organs and the like. Cavity 18 is at least partially defined by wall 22, such as the abdominal wall, that includes an interior surface 26 and an exterior surface 30. The exterior surface 30 of wall 22 can also be an exterior surface 30 of the patient 14. Although patient 14 is shown as human in FIGS. 1 and 2, various embodiments of the present invention (including the version of system 10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) can also be used with other animals, such as in veterinary medical procedures.

Further, although system 10 is depicted relative to ventral cavity 18, system 10 and various other embodiments of the present invention can be utilized in other body cavities of a patient, human or animal, such as, for example, the thoracic cavity, the abdominopelvic cavity, the abdominal cavity, the pelvic cavity, and other cavities (e.g., lumens of organs such as the stomach, colon, or bladder of a patient). In some embodiments of the present methods, and when using embodiments of the present devices and systems, a pneumoperitoneum may be created in the cavity of interest to yield a relatively-open space within the cavity.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, system 10 comprises an apparatus 34 and a medical device 38; the apparatus is configured to magnetically position the device with a body cavity of a patient. In some embodiments, apparatus 34 can be described as an exterior apparatus and/or external unit and device 38 as an interior device and/or internal unit due the locations of their intended uses relative to patients. As shown, apparatus 34 can be positioned outside the cavity 18 near, adjacent to, and/or in contact with the exterior surface 30 of the patent 14. Device 38 is positionable (can be positioned), and is shown positioned, within the cavity 18 of the patient 14 and near, adjacent to, and/or in contact with the interior surface 26 of wall 22. Device 38 can be inserted or introduced into the cavity 18 in any suitable fashion. For example, the device 18 can be inserted into the cavity through a puncture (not shown) in wall 22, through a tube or trocar (not shown) extending into the cavity 18 through a puncture or natural orifice (not shown), or may be inserted into another portion of the patient 14 and moved into the cavity 18 with apparatus 34, such as by the methods described in this disclosure. If the cavity 18 is pressurized, device 38 can be inserted or introduced into the cavity 18 before or after the cavity 18 is pressurized.

Additionally, some embodiments of system 10 include a version of device 38 that has a tether 42 coupled to and extending away from the device 38. In the depicted embodiment, tether 42 extends from device 38 and out of the cavity 18, for example, through the opening (not shown) through which device 38 is introduced into the cavity 18. The tether 42 can be flexible and/or elongated. In some embodiments, the tether 42 can include one or more conduits for fluids that can be used, for example, for actuating a hydraulic cylinder or irrigating a region within the cavity 18. In some embodiments, the tether 42 can include one or more conductors for enabling electrical communication with the device 38. In some embodiments, the tether 42 can include one or more conduits for fluid and one or more conductors. In some embodiments, the tether does not include a conduit or conductor and, instead, includes a cord for positioning, moving, or removing device 38 from the cavity 18. The tether 14, for example, can be used to assist in positioning the device 34 while the device 34 is magnetically coupled to the apparatus 38, or to remove the device 34 from the cavity 18 when device 38 is not magnetically coupled to apparatus 34.

As is discussed in more detail below, apparatus 34 and device 38 can be configured to be magnetically couplable to one another such that device 38 can be positioned or moved within the cavity 18 by positioning or moving apparatus 34 outside the cavity 18. “Magnetically couplable” means capable of magnetically interacting so as to achieve a physical result without a direct physical connection. Examples of physical results are causing device 38 to move within the cavity 18 by moving apparatus 34 outside the cavity 18, and causing device 38 to remain in a position within the cavity 18 or in contact with the interior surface 26 of wall 22 by holding apparatus 34 in a corresponding position outside the cavity 18 or in contact with the exterior surface 30 of wall 22. Magnetic coupling can be achieved by configuring apparatus 34 and device 38 to cause a sufficient magnetic attractive force between them. For example, apparatus 34 can comprise one or more magnets (e.g., permanent magnets, electromagnets, or the like) and device 38 can comprise a ferromagnetic material. In some embodiments, apparatus 34 can comprise one or more magnets, and device 38 can comprise a ferromagnetic material, such that apparatus 34 attracts device 38 and device 38 is attracted to apparatus 34. In other embodiments, both apparatus 34 and device 38 can comprise one or more magnets such that apparatus 34 and device 38 attract each other.

The configuration of apparatus 34 and device 38 to cause a sufficient magnetic attractive force between them can be a configuration that results in a magnetic attractive force that is large or strong enough to compensate for a variety of other factors (such as the thickness of any tissue between them) or forces that may impede a desired physical result or desired function. For example, when apparatus 34 and device 38 are magnetically coupled as shown, with each contacting a respective surface 26 or 30 of wall 22, the magnetic force between them can compress wall 22 to some degree such that wall 22 exerts a spring or expansive force against apparatus 34 and device 38, and such that any movement of apparatus 34 and device 38 requires an adjacent portion of wall 22 to be similarly compressed. Apparatus 34 and device 38 can be configured to overcome such an impeding force to the movement of device 38 with apparatus 34. Another force that the magnetic attractive force between the two may have to overcome is any friction that exists between either and the surface, if any, that it contacts during a procedure (such as apparatus 34 contacting a patient's skin). Another force that the magnetic attractive force between the two may have to overcome is the force associated with the weight and/or tension of the tether 42 and/or frictional forces on the tether 42 that may resist, impede, or affect movement or positioning of device 38 using apparatus 34.

In some embodiments, device 38 can be inserted into cavity 18 through an access port having a suitable internal diameter. Such access ports includes those created using a conventional laparoscopic trocar, gel ports, those created by incision (e.g., abdominal incision), and natural orifices. Device 38 can be pushed through the access port with any elongated instrument such as, for example, a surgical instrument such as a laparoscopic grasper or a flexible endoscope.

In embodiments where the tether 42 is connectable to a power source or a hydraulic source (not shown), the tether can be connected to the power source or the hydraulic source (which may also be described as a fluid source) either before or after it is connected to device 38.

In some embodiments, when device 38 is disposed within cavity 18, device 38 can be magnetically coupled to apparatus 34. This can serve several purposes including, for example, to permit a user to move device 38 within cavity 18 by moving apparatus 34 outside cavity 18. The magnetic coupling between the two can be affected by a number of factors, including the distance between them. For example, the magnetic attractive force between device 38 and apparatus 34 increases as the distance between them decreases. As a result, in some embodiments, the magnetic coupling can be facilitated by temporarily compressing the tissue (e.g., the abdominal wall) separating them. For example, after device 38 has been inserted into cavity 18, a user (such as a surgeon) can push down on apparatus 34 (and wall 22) and into cavity 18 until apparatus 34 and device 38 magnetically couple.

In FIGS. 1 and 2, apparatus 34 and device 38 are shown at a coupling distance from one another and magnetically coupled to one another such that device 38 can be moved within the cavity 18 by moving apparatus 34 outside the outside wall 22. The “coupling distance” between two structures (e.g., apparatus 34 and device 38) is defined as a distance between the closest portions of the structures at which the magnetic attractive force between them is great enough to permit them to function as desired for a given application.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, a bottom view and a side cross-sectional view are shown, respectively, of an embodiment of apparatus 34. Apparatus 34 has a width 50, a depth 54, and a height 58, and includes a housing 46. The apparatus (and, more specifically, housing 46) is configured to support, directly or indirectly, at least one magnetic assembly in the form of one or more magnetic field sources. In the embodiments shown, apparatus 34 is shown as including a first magnetic field source 62 a and a second magnetic field source 62 b. Each magnetic field source 62 a, 62 b has a coupling end 66 and a distal end 70. As described in more detail below, the coupling ends face device 38 when apparatus 34 and device 38 are magnetically coupled. The depicted embodiment of housing 46 of apparatus 34 also includes a pair of guide holes 68 extending through housing 46 for guiding, holding, or supporting various other devices or apparatuses, as described in more detail below. In other embodiments, the housing of apparatus 34 can have any other suitable number of guide holes 68 such as, for example, zero, one, three, four, five, or more guide holes 68. In some embodiments, housing 46 comprises a material that is minimally reactive to a magnetic field such as, for example, plastic, polymer, fiberglass, or the like. In other embodiments, housing 46 can be omitted or can be integral with the magnetic field sources such that the apparatus is, itself, a magnetic assembly comprising a magnetic field source.

Magnets, in general, have a north pole (the N pole) and a south pole (the S pole). In some embodiments, apparatus 34 can be configured (and, more specifically, its magnetic field sources can be configured) such that the coupling end 66 of each magnetic field source is the N pole and the distal end 70 of each magnetic field source is the S pole. In other embodiments, the magnetic field sources can be configured such that the coupling end 66 of each magnetic field source is the S pole and the distal end 70 of each magnetic field source is the N pole. In other embodiments, the magnetic field sources can be configured such that the coupling end of the first magnetic field source 62 a is the N pole and the recessed end of the first magnetic field source 62 a is the S pole, and the coupling end of the second magnetic field source 62 b is the S pole and the recessed end of the second magnetic field source 62 b is the N pole. In other embodiments, the magnetic field sources can be configured such that the coupling end of the first magnetic field source 62 a is the S pole and its recessed end is the N pole, and the coupling end of the second magnetic field source 62 b is the N pole and its recessed end is the S pole.

In the embodiment shown, each magnetic field source includes a solid cylindrical magnet having a circular cross section. In other embodiments, each magnetic field source can have any suitable cross-sectional shape such as, for example, rectangular, square, triangular, fanciful, or the like. In some embodiments, each magnetic field source comprises any of: any suitable number of magnets such as, for example, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more magnets; any suitable number of electromagnets such as, for example, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more electromagnets; any suitable number of pieces of ferromagnetic material such as, for example, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more pieces of ferromagnetic material; any suitable number of pieces of paramagnetic material such as, for example, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more pieces of paramagnetic material; or any suitable combination of magnets, electromagnets, pieces of ferromagnetic material, and/or pieces of paramagnetic material.

In some embodiments, each magnetic field source can include four cylindrical magnets (not shown) positioned in end-to-end in linear relation to one another, with each magnet having a height of about 0.5 inch and a circular cross-section that has a diameter of about 1 inch. In these embodiments, the magnets can be arranged such that the N pole of each magnet faces the S pole of the next adjacent magnet such that the magnets are attracted to one another and not repulsed.

Examples of suitable magnets can include: flexible magnets; Ferrite, such as can comprise Barium or Strontium; AlNiCo, such as can comprise Aluminum, Nickel, and Cobalt; SmCo, such as can comprise Samarium and Cobalt and may be referred to as rare-earth magnets; and NdFeB, such as can comprise Neodymium, Iron, and Boron. In some embodiments, it can be desirable to use magnets of a specified grade, for example, grade 40, grade 50, or the like. Such suitable magnets are currently available from a number of suppliers, for example, Magnet Sales & Manufacturing Inc., 11248 Playa Court, Culver City, Calif. 90230 USA; Amazing Magnets, 3943 Irvine Blvd. #92, Irvine, Calif. 92602; and K & J Magnetics Inc., 2110 Ashton Dr. Suite 1A, Jamison, Pa. 18929. In some embodiments, one or more magnetic field sources can comprise ferrous materials (e.g., steel) and/or paramagnetic materials (e.g., aluminum, manganese, platinum).

FIGS. 4A-4H depict various views of device 38 a, another embodiment of one of the present medical devices that can be moved within a body cavity using one of the present apparatuses to which it is magnetically coupled, and which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. In embodiments of the present medical devices and systems in which the medical device (e.g., devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, 38 n, 38 o, 38 p, 38 q, 38 r, 38 s, 38 t, and 38 u) includes an arm, a tool, a light emitting diode (LED), or the like that is coupled to the structure shown, for example, in FIGS. 4A-4H, that structure may be referred to as a “platform.”

In the embodiment shown, device 38 a comprises: a platform 100 a and an arm 104 a pivotally coupled to platform 100 a such that arm 104 a is rotatable around a rotational axis 108 between a collapsed position (FIG. 4G) and an expanded position (FIG. 4H). In the embodiment shown, platform 100 a comprises at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged (e.g., comprises members 112 a, 112 b that each comprises a magnetically-attractive material and/or a material that is capable of being magnetically charged). In the embodiment shown, device 38 a also comprises a detent mechanism 116 a configured to adjustably fix the position of arm 104 a relative to platform 100 a. FIG. 4E is a partially cross-sectional view, and FIG. 4F is a partially cutaway view that omits a portion of platform 100 a to show portions of device 38 a in more detail.

As shown, platform 100 a can comprise a housing 120 a and can support one or more members 112 a, 112 b, as noted above. Platform 100 a has a proximal end 122, a distal end 124, and a length 128 extending between proximal end 122 and distal end 124. Platform 100 a also has, in the depicted embodiment, a longitudinal recess 132 defined along at least a portion of length 128 of the platform. As shown in FIGS. 4B and 4D, platform 100 a can also have a maximum transverse perimeter 136. The “maximum transverse perimeter” of one of the present platforms is defined by the smallest circle or rectangle that can circumscribe the largest cross-section of the platform. In some embodiments, when arm 104 a is in the collapsed position, the maximum transverse perimeter is less than about 7 inches. In some embodiments, the area circumscribed by the maximum transverse perimeter is less than about 3.2 square inches.

In the embodiment shown, detent mechanism 116 a comprises a detent member 140 a coupled to one of the platform and the arm such that detent member 140 a is biased in a bias direction 144 a toward the other of the platform and the arm. In the embodiment shown, the other of the platform and the arm comprises one or more indentations 148 a configured to receive detent member 140 a. For example, in the embodiment shown, detent member 140 a is coupled to platform 100 a and biased toward arm 104 a which comprises indentations (e.g., 148 a-1, 148 a-2). In other embodiments, detent member 140 a can be coupled to arm 104 a and biased toward platform 100 a (e.g., platform 100 a can comprise one or more indentations). In the embodiment shown, detent mechanism 116 a further comprises a spring 152 configured to bias detent member 140 a in bias direction 144 a. In the embodiment shown, detent member 112 a comprises a ball. In the embodiment shown, the one or more indentations comprise a first indentation 148 a-1 corresponding to the collapsed position of the arm (FIG. 4G) and a second indentation 148 a-2 corresponding to the expanded position of the arm (FIG. 4H). In some embodiments, the one or more indentations comprise a third indentation (not shown) corresponding to at least one position of the arm between the collapsed position and the expanded position. In the embodiment shown, at least one (e.g., each) of the one or more indentations 148 a-1, 148 a-2 comprises a curved surface 156. For example, in the embodiment shown, at least one (e.g., each) of indentations 148 a-1, 148 a-2 comprises surface 156 that is semispherical (a portion of a sphere that is less than a hemisphere—less then one half of a sphere).

In the embodiment shown, detent mechanism 116 a is configured such that detent member 140 a moves linearly along a bias axis 160 between an extended position (e.g., FIGS. 4G and 4H) and a collapsed position (e.g., when arm 104 a is between the collapsed position and the expanded position such that spring 152 is compressed and detent member 140 a is correspondingly depressed). In the embodiment shown, bias axis 160 a is substantially perpendicular to rotational axis 108. In the embodiment shown, arm 104 a is rotatable in a rotational plane (passing through substantially the center of platform 100 a and of arm 104 a such that the rotational plane passes through substantially the center of arm 104 a in both of the expanded and collapsed positions), and bias axis 160 a is substantially parallel to the rotational plane.

Arm 104 a can have a proximal end 164 and a distal end 168. Arm 104 a can be coupled to platform 100 a such that arm 104 a is movable between (1) a collapsed position where distal end 164 of arm 104 a is adjacent to platform 100 a, or where arm 104 a is substantially parallel to platform 100 a, as shown in FIG. 4H, and (2) an expanded position where distal end 168 of arm 104 a is spaced apart from platform 100 a, or where arm 104 a is oriented at a non-zero angle to platform 100 a. When arm 104 a is in the collapsed position, the longitudinal axis of arm 104 a is preferably disposed within maximum transverse perimeter 136 of platform 100 a. Similarly, when arm 104 a is in the collapsed position, at least a portion of the arm can be disposed within recess 132 such that a majority of the lateral sides of arm 104 a is bordered by platform 100 a such that platform 100 a affords some protection to arm 104 a during, for example, insertion into and removal from cavity 18.

As best shown in FIG. 4D, arm 104 a can include an opening and/or connector 172 configured to be coupled to a tool (not shown—e.g., a hook or other mechanical implement) and/or a tether (e.g., tether 42), such as, for example, to permit a user to apply a mechanical force to rotate the arm from the collapsed position to the expanded position, or from the expanded position to the collapsed position; and/or to couple the tether to the arm to deliver power or control signals or forces to actuate or operate a tool 176 coupled to the arm. Tool 176 can include, for example, a blade, a hook, a cautery tool, or any other tool that may be useful or advantageous for a medical procedure. In the embodiment shown, tool 176 is a cautery tool. Cautery tool 176 can be coupled to arm 104 a, for example, at or near the distal end 168 of the arm. Cautery tool 176 can be powered by way of a conductor (not shown) that runs through, with, or along the tether 42. Furthermore, during use of device 38 a, the conductor can be positioned in and/or coupled to opening and/or connector 172 located in the proximal end 164 of the arm and visible, for example, in FIGS. 4D, 4G, and 4H. In some embodiments, cautery tool 176 can be positively charged with a high electric voltage, such as, for example, a voltage that is compatible with known electrosurgical units (e.g., up to 9,000 Volts peak-to-peak and/or 390 kHz sinusoidal), such that when cautery tool 176 contacts a grounded patient's flesh or tissue, the circuit completes and cautery tool 176 is able to cut or cauterize the flesh or tissue with relatively little force. When arm 104 a is in the collapsed position, the longitudinal axis of cautery tool 176, or another tool 176, can be parallel to the longitudinal axis of arm 104 a and can also be within the maximum transverse perimeter of platform 100 a. In the embodiment shown, device 38 a is configured such that a tool (e.g., a tool 220) can be coupled to arm 104 a (e.g., via axle 178 a with an Allen screw head) such that the tool can be rotated to rotate arm 104 a from the collapsed position toward the expanded position

In some embodiments, device 38 a can be inserted into cavity 18 and magnetically coupled to apparatus 34, as described above. Once device 38 a and apparatus 34 are magnetically coupled to each other, or device 38 a is otherwise secured in position within cavity 18, a user can deploy or expand the tool (e.g., cautery tool 176) from the collapsed position (e.g., FIGS. 4A, 4C, and 4G) to an expanded position (e.g. FIG. 4H) by applying a mechanical force (e.g., via an external tool or tether 42) to rotate arm 104 a relative to body 100 a. In some embodiments, when arm 104 a is in an expanded position, the user can move device 38 a to adjust its position within cavity 18 by moving magnetically coupled apparatus 34 outside cavity 18. In some embodiments, the user may further be able to move or adjust the pitch and yaw of device 38 a by, for example, moving or adjusting the pitch and yaw of apparatus 34 where wall 22 is compliant enough to permit such pitch and yaw motion or adjustment. Embodiments of the present devices and systems can be configured such that when device 38 a is in an operational position (e.g., cautery tool 176 is in a position that is acceptable to the user for performing a task within cavity 18), cautery tool 176 can be activated or electrified in any suitable manner, including, for example, through an electrosurgery unit (with or without a foot pedal), a power source, or the like. Embodiments of the present devices and systems can be configured such that cautery tool 176 can be powered and actuated by conventional methods and systems such as, for example, with a conventional cautery power supply. Such a power supply can be electrically-coupled to or in electrical communication with the cautery tool 176 in any suitable manner, including, for example, by way of a physical tether (e.g., tether 42). Embodiments of the present devices and systems can be configured such that a user can activate cautery tool 176 using a foot pedal, a switch, a voice-actuated activator, or any other suitable method, system, or device. Other embodiments of the present devices and systems can be configured such that cautery tool 176 can be deployed (e.g., arm 104 a can be deployed from a collapsed to an expanded position) and/or controlled by way of a joystick or other relatively more-complicated user interface.

In the embodiment shown, platform 100 a includes housing 120 a and two magnetically-attractive or magnetically-chargeable members (in this case, first member 112 a and second member 112 b), which are supported by (e.g., coupled to) housing 120 a. Device 38 a has a coupling side 180 and a working side 184. Device 38 a can be part of embodiments of the present systems that include an embodiment of apparatus 34. Device 38 a can be configured such that coupling side 180 faces an embodiment of apparatus 34, and such that working side 184 faces away from apparatus 34, when apparatus 34 and device 38 a are magnetically coupled to each other. Housing 120 a can support or hold members 112 a and 112 b in fixed relation to one another. Each member has a coupling end 188 oriented toward coupling side 180 of device 38 a and a distal end 192 oriented toward working side 180 of device 38 a.

Members 112 a and 112 b can comprise any suitable material that is magnetically attracted to the magnetic field sources 62 a, 62 b of apparatus 34. Examples of such material include, for example, a magnet, a ferromagnetic material, and a paramagnetic material. In a further example, such material may include a permanent magnet material that can be magnetized and/or de-magnetized with exposure to a magnetic field. In some embodiments, one or both of apparatus 34 and device 38 a are configured such that that the magnetic field sources of the apparatus can each be aligned with a different magnetically-attractive member of device 38 a, meaning that an axis can be substantially centered in and run lengthwise through a given aligned pair comprising a magnetic field source of the apparatus and a magnetically-attractive member of the device. In the embodiment shown, members 112 a and 112 b each has an elongated shape. In some embodiments of the present devices, each member 112 a, 112 b comprises a cylindrical magnet having a height of about 0.25 inches, and a circular cross-section with a diameter of about 0.375 inches. In other embodiments, each member comprise a cylindrical magnet having a height of about any of 0.15 inches, 0.16 inches, 0.17 inches, 0.18 inches, 0.19 inches, 0.20 inches, or 0.21 inches; and a circular cross-section with a diameter of about any of: 0.25 inches, 0.3 inches, 0.35 inches, 0.375 inches, 0.4 inches, 0.45 inches, 0.5 inches, 0.55 inches, 0.6 inches, 0.625 inches, or 0.65 inches. In some embodiments, each member 112 a, 112 b comprises a plurality of magnets of varying sizes or shapes, for example, five cylindrical magnets having a circular cross-section, two with a height of about 0.6 inches and a diameter of about 0.375 inches, and three with a height of about 0.6 inches and a diameter of about 0.5 inches; four cylindrical magnets having a circular cross section, one with a height of about 0.06 inches and a diameter of about 0.5 inches, and three with a height of about 0.6 inches and a diameter of about 0.625 inches. In other embodiments, members 112 a, 112 b include any suitable cross-sectional shape, dimension, or number of magnets, or volumes of ferromagnetic or paramagnetic materials.

In embodiments of the present devices (e.g., device 38 a), where members 112 a and 112 b include magnets, each member will generally have an N pole and an S pole. In some of these embodiments, first member 112 a has its N pole oriented toward coupling end 188 and its S pole oriented toward distal end 192, and second member 112 b has its S pole oriented toward its coupling end 188 and its N pole oriented toward its distal end 192, such that the members 112 a, 112 b are in an N-S/S-N configuration. In others of these embodiments, first member 112 a has its S pole oriented toward coupling end 188 and its N pole oriented toward distal end 192, and second member 112 b has its N pole oriented toward its coupling end 188 and its S pole oriented toward its distal end 192, such that the members 112 a, 112 b are in an S-N/N-S configuration.

For example, FIG. 1 depicts a pictorial side view of an embodiment of system 10 in which apparatus 34 and device 38 are magnetically coupled across a wall 22 of a patient with wall 22 shown in cross-section for clarity. As described above, the magnetic field sources 62 a, 62 b of apparatus 34 and the magnetically-attractive members 112 a, 112 b of device 38 (e.g., 38 a) can be configured in various ways. In one “consistent” configuration, the coupling ends 66 of both magnetic field sources 62 a, 62 b are configured to have the same polarity (e.g., both N poles or both S poles), such that the coupling ends 66 of the magnetic field sources 62 a, 62 b have an N-N configuration or orientation or an S-S configuration or orientation. In this “consistent” configuration, device 38 can be configured such that members 112 a, 112 b are magnets and coupling ends 188 of members 112 a, 112 b are oppositely oriented relative to coupling ends 66 of magnetic field sources 62. For example, where coupling ends 66 of the field sources 62 a, 62 b have an N-N configuration, members 112 a, 112 b of the device can have an S-S configuration, and where coupling ends 66 have an S-S configuration, coupling ends 188 can have an N-N configuration. In this way, magnetic field sources 62 a, 62 b and members 112 a, 112 b will be attracted to, and attract, each other such that the magnetic attractive forced can be maximized between apparatus 34 and device 38.

In another “alternating” configuration, coupling ends 66 of magnetic field sources 62 a, 62 b can be configured to have different polarities. For example, the N pole of first magnetic field source 62 a can be oriented at coupling end 66 while the S pole of second magnetic field source 62 b can be oriented at its coupling end 66, or vice versa, such that the coupling ends of the magnetic field sources have an N-S or S-N configuration. In this “alternating” configuration, device 38 can be configured such that members 112 a, 112 b are magnets that also have an alternating orientation. For example, coupling ends 188 of members 112 a, 112 b can have an N-S orientation or an S-N orientation. In this way, the coupling end 66 with an N pole primarily attracts and is attracted to the coupling end 188 having an S pole, and the coupling end 66 with an S pole primarily attracts and is attracted to the coupling end 188 having an N pole. Stated otherwise, each coupling end 66 attracts and is attracted to the coupling end 188 having an opposite polarity, and each coupling end 66 repels and is repelled by the coupling end 188 having a like polarity. As such, when in the “alternating” configuration, apparatus 34 and device 38 are attracted to one another in a specific relationship, such that when apparatus 34 and device 38 are magnetically coupled, control over or “tracking” of device 38 can be improved.

FIGS. 5A-5E depict various views of another embodiment 38 b of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 b is similar in several respects to medical device 38 a, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, detent mechanism 116 b comprises two detent members 140 b-1, 140 b-2 that are coupled to arm 104 a and biased toward platform 100 a which comprises indentations (e.g., 148 b-1, 148 b-2). In the embodiment shown, each bias axis 160 b-1, 160 b-2 is substantially perpendicular to rotational axis 108. In the embodiment shown, each bias axis 160 b-1, 160 b-2 is substantially perpendicular to the rotational plane of arm 104 b. FIG. 5D is a partially cross-sectional view, and FIG. 5E is a partially cutaway view that omits a portion of platform 100 b to show portions of device 38 b in more detail. As illustrated, indentations 148 b-1, 148 b-2 can be defined by members 196 b-1, 196 b-2, respectively that can be disposed in platform 100 b (e.g., in housing 116 b). In other embodiments, indentations 196 b-1, 196 b-2 can be defined directly by housing 120 b.

FIGS. 6A-6E depict various views of another embodiment 38 c of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 c is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a and 38 b, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, platform 100 c comprises a resilient portion 200 (at or including a portion of distal end 124 of platform 100 c and on only one side of arm 104 c) biased toward arm 104 c (if resilient portion 200 is deflected away from arm 104 c, resilient portion 200 will tend to return to its pre-deflected or original position). Additionally, in the embodiment shown, detent member 140 c comprises a protrusion extending from resilient portion 200 of platform 100 c such that detent member 140 c is biased in a bias direction 144 c toward the arm. In this embodiment, as in device 38 a, arm 104 c includes first and second (a first set of) indentations 148 c-1, 148 c-2 corresponding to the collapsed position of the arm, and third and fourth (a second set of) indentations 148 c-3, 148 c-4 corresponding to the expanded position of the arm. FIG. 6D is a perspective view of the platform without the arm, and FIG. 6E is a partially cutaway view that omits a portion of platform 100 c to show portions of device 38 c in more detail. As shown, in some embodiments of the present medical devices, the arm (e.g., 104 c) can be disposed on an axle 204 c that is pivotally coupled to the platform (e.g., 100 c) and/or a pin 208 can extend through arm 104 c and into (and/or through) axle 204 c to substantially fix the position of the arm relative to the axle. In the embodiment shown, resilient portion 200 is configured to act similarly to spring 152 in devices 38 a, 38 b to bias protrusions 140 c-1, 140 c-2 toward arm 104 c. In some embodiments, resilient portion 200 can be purposefully weakened to permit it to act as described (e.g., platform 100 c can be provided with notches, grooves, or the like at or around resilient portion 200 to permit resilient portion to function as described).

FIGS. 7A-7G depict various views of another embodiment 38 d of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 d is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, and 38 c, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 d is configured such that arm 104 d can be rotated or deployed differently relative to platform 100 d. In the embodiment shown, arm 104 d is pivotally coupled to platform 100 d such that arm 104 d is rotatable at least 90 degrees around rotational axis 108 between a collapsed position (FIG. 7E) and an expanded position (FIG. 7G). In the embodiment shown, device 38 d comprises: a first gear 212 d coupled in fixed relation to arm 104 d such that rotational axis 108 passes through first gear 212 d (is substantially colinear with the rotational axis of first gear 212 d); and a second gear 216 d rotatably coupled to platform 100 d. FIG. 7D is a partially cutaway view that omits a portion of platform 100 d to show portions of device 38 d in more detail.

Additionally, in the embodiment shown, device 38 d is configured such that a tool 220 can be coupled to second gear 216 d (e.g., as illustrated from FIG. 7D to FIG. 7E) such that tool 220 can be rotated to rotate second gear 216 d; and such that if second gear 216 d is rotated in a first rotational direction 224 when arm 104 d is in the collapsed position (FIG. 7E), then arm will rotate from the collapsed position toward the expanded position (e.g., from FIG. 7E toward FIG. 7F). In the embodiment shown, device 38 d is also configured such that: if second gear 216 d is rotated in a second rotational direction 228 when arm 104 d is in the expanded position (FIG. 7F), then arm 104 d will rotate from the expanded position toward the collapsed position (e.g., from FIG. 7F toward FIG. 7E).

In the embodiment shown, second gear 216 d is configured to rotate around a first gear axis 236 d. In the embodiment shown, first gear axis 236 d is substantially parallel to the rotational plane of arm 104 d. In other embodiments, first gear axis 236 d can be substantially perpendicular to the rotational plane of arm 104 d. In the embodiment shown, first gear axis 236 d is substantially perpendicular to the length of platform 100 d (e.g., substantially perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of arm 104 d when arm 104 d is in the collapsed position. In the embodiment shown, first gear 212 d is unitary with arm 104 d. In other embodiments, first gear 212 d can be separately formed and held in fixed relation to arm 104 d in any suitable fashion (e.g., with one or more pins or other fasteners, adhesive, welds, or the like). In the embodiment shown, second gear 216 d comprises a worm gear coupled to platform 100 d and first gear 212 d such that second gear 216 d can rotate relative to platform 100 d and such that rotation of second gear 216 d will cause rotation of first gear 212 d (and thereby arm 104 d). In the embodiment shown, platform 100 d comprises an opening 240 d (e.g., with a tapered top portion 244 d) configured to permit tool 220 to be inserted into opening 240 d and coupled to second gear 216 d. For example, second gear 216 d can comprise a hexagonal opening (e.g., configured to receive an Allen wrench), a hexagonal head (e.g., configured to be coupled to a socket wrench to cause second gear 216 d to rotate, a female Phillips screw head (e.g., configured to be coupled to a Phillips screwdriver to cause second gear 216 d to rotate), a flat-head screw head (e.g., configured to be coupled to a flat-head screwdriver to cause second gear 216 d to rotate), a press-fit receiver, and/or any other suitable shape or structure to permit a tool 220 to be coupled to second gear 216 d. As such, tool 220 can be any suitable tool configured to couple to second gear 216 d, such as, for example, an Allen wrench, a socket wrench, a Phillips or flat-head screwdriver, a needle, a hook, and/or the like, as appropriate for various embodiments of the present devices.

Tool 220 can be inserted into the patient's body cavity transdermally and/or can be rotated by a motor once coupled to second gear 216 d (e.g., a power tool). For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 7E-7G, a needle 220 can be inserted through opening 240 and coupled with second gear 216 d by pressing the tip of needle 220 into second gear 216 d (e.g., such that friction between needle 220 and second gear 216 d permits needle 220 to rotate second gear 216 d). Once needle 220 is inserted into and/or engages second gear 216 d, needle 220 can be rotated to cause second gear 216 d to rotate and deploy (rotate) arm 104 d toward the expanded position shown in FIG. 7G. Needle 220 can be, for example, an 18-gauge hypodermic needle. Upon deployment or rotation of arm 104 d to the desired angle relative to platform 100 d, needle 220 can be removed from platform 100 d and/or from the patient. In some embodiments, first and second gears 212 d and 216 d, respectively, are configured to have a relatively low efficiency for reversing the process (e.g., such that a greater torque is required to reverse the rotation of the arm (to return the arm to the collapsed position), such as, for example, so that the gears resist retraction of the arm to the collapsed position. In the embodiment shown, device 38 d is configured to permit arm 104 d to rotate and/or be substantially fixed at any angle between the collapsed position and the expanded position.

FIGS. 8A-8B depict various views of another embodiment 38 e of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 e is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, and 38 d, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 e is configured such that second gear 216 e has a flat-head screw head such that second gear 216 e can be coupled to and rotated by a flat-head screwdriver. Additionally, platform 100 e and arm 104 e are configured to ft closely together to minimize the possibility of body fluids and/or tissue infiltrating or contaminating first gear 212 e and second gear 216 e. For example, in the embodiment shown, second gear 216 e is substantially enclosed. FIG. 8B is a partially cutaway view that omits a portion of platform 100 e to show portions of device 38 e in more detail.

FIGS. 9A-9C depict various views of another embodiment 38 f of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 f is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, and 38 e, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 f is configured such that first gear axis 236 f (rotational axis of second gear 216 f) is substantially parallel to the length of platform 100 f (e.g., substantially perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of arm 104 f when arm 104 f is in the collapsed position). Additionally, in the embodiment shown, first gear axis 236 f is closer to coupling side 180 of platform 100 f than to working side 184, and rotational axis 108 is closer to working side 184 than coupling side 180. FIG. 9C is a partially cutaway view that omits a portion of platform 100 f to show portions of device 38 f in more detail. In the embodiment shown, second gear 216 f is coupled to (e.g., threaded onto and/or secured with an adhesive, locknut, or the like) an Allen screw 248 f such that rotation of screw 248 f will rotate second gear 216 f.

FIGS. 10A-10E depict various partially cutaway views of another embodiment 38 g of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. In each of FIGS. 10A-10E, a large portion of platform 100 g is omitted to show detent mechanism 116 g and arm 104 g in more detail. Medical device 38 g is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, and 38 f, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 g is configured such that first gear axis 236 g is closer to working side 184 of platform 100 g than to coupling side 180, and rotational axis 108 is closer to coupling side 180 than working side 184. Additionally, in the embodiment shown, second gear 216 g is covered by housing 120 g at distal end 124 of platform 100 g such that an elongated member (not shown, but similar, for example, to a rod, threaded rod, bolt, or the like) can be coupled to second gear 216 g and extended to proximal end 122 of platform 100 g such that the elongated member can be coupled to a tool and/or rotated at proximal end 122 of platform 100 g to cause second gear 216 g and arm 104 g to rotate.

FIGS. 11A-11E depict various views of another embodiment 38 h of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 h is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, and 38 g, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 h is configured such that first gear axis 236 h (and Allen screw 248 h) is substantially perpendicular to the rotational plane of arm 104 h. FIG. 11C is a partially cutaway view that omits a portion of platform 100 h to show portions of device 38 h in more detail. In the embodiment shown, medical device 38 h further comprises: a third gear 252 h coupled to first gear 212 h and second gear 216 h such that if second gear 216 h is rotated, second gear 216 h will rotate third gear 252 h and third gear 252 h will rotate first gear 212 h. In the embodiment shown, third gear 252 h is configured to rotate around a second gear axis 256 h that is substantially perpendicular to first gear axis 236 h. In the embodiment shown, first gear 212 h comprises a bevel gear coupled in fixed relation to arm 104 h, third gear 252 h comprises a worm-gear follower with a bevel gear rotatably coupled to platform 100 h and configured to engage and rotate with first gear 212 h, and second gear 216 h comprises a worm gear rotatably coupled to platform 100 h and configured to engage and rotate with third gear 252 h.

FIGS. 12A-12C depict various views of another embodiment 38 i of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 i is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, and 38 h, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 i is configured such that arm 104 i is rotatable around rotational axis 108 by less than 90 degrees (e.g., such that expanded position is where arm 104 i is rotated between 30 and 60 degrees clockwise from the collapsed position shown in FIGS. 12B and 12C). In the embodiment shown, second gear 212 i is rotatably coupled to platform 100 i such that first gear axis 236 i is substantially perpendicular to rotational axis 108 of arm 104 i and such that first gear axis 236 i is substantially parallel to the rotational plane of arm 104 i. In the embodiment shown, first gear axis 236 i is also substantially perpendicular to the length of platform 100 i (e.g., substantially perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of arm 104 i when arm 104 i is in the collapsed position.

FIGS. 13A-13I depict various views of another embodiment 38 j of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 j is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, and 38 i, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 j is configured such that arm 104 j can be adjusted and secured relative to platform 100 j in a different fashion. In the embodiment shown, arm 104 j has a hub 260 j that is pivotally coupled to platform 100 j such that arm 104 j is rotatable at least 90 degrees around rotational axis 108 between a collapsed position (FIG. 13H) and an expanded position (FIG. 13I). FIG. 13G is a cutaway view in which platform 100 j is omitted to show the other parts of device 38 j in more detail, and FIGS. 13H and 13I are partially cutaway views that omits a portion of platform 100 j to show portions of device 38 j in more detail.

In the embodiment shown, medical device 38 j also comprises: a threaded member 264 j rotatably coupled to platform 100 j; a shuttle 268 j coupled to threaded member 264 j; and a shuttle arm 272 j having a first end 276 j coupled (e.g., pivotally coupled) to shuttle 268 j and a second end 280 j coupled (e.g., pivotally coupled) to hub 260 j. In the embodiment shown, medical device 38 j is configured such that: a tool (e.g., 220) can be coupled to threaded member 264 j such that the tool can be rotated to rotate threaded member 264 j; and if threaded member 264 j is rotated in a first rotational direction 224 when the arm is in the collapsed position, then shuttle 268 j will travel in a substantially linear first direction 284 to cause arm 104 j to rotate from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. In the embodiment shown, medical device 38 j is also configured such that: if threaded member 264 j is rotated in a second rotational direction 228 when arm 104 j is in the expanded position, then shuttle 268 j will travel in a substantially linear second direction 288 (that is substantially opposite first direction 284) to cause arm 104 j to rotate from the expanded position toward the collapsed position. Threaded member 264 j can be entirely threaded, or can have only a portion (e.g., a portion sufficient to permit the shuttle to travel between the collapsed and expanded positions of the arm). In the embodiment shown, threaded member 264 j is configured to be coupled to a tool (e.g., such that tool can rotate threaded member 264 j) at or near proximal end 122 of platform 100 j (e.g., via Allen screw head 248 j). Threaded member 264 j is configured to rotate around a member axis 292 that is substantially parallel to the rotational plane of arm 104 j.

FIGS. 14A-14D depict various views of another embodiment 38 k of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 k is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, and 38 j, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 k is configured such that arm 104 k is coupled to platform 100 k by way of slots and pins. In the embodiment shown, arm 104 k is coupled to platform 100 k with a pin 300 k slidably disposed within a cam slot 304 k defined within one of platform 100 k and arm 104 k, where the pin is coupled to the other of the platform and the arm, and the arm movable between an expanded position (FIG. 14D) and a collapsed position (FIG. 14C).

As with device 38 j, medical device 38 k includes a threaded member 264 k rotatably coupled to platform 100 k; a shuttle 268 k coupled to threaded member 264 k. In the embodiment shown, shuttle 268 k is pivotally coupled to arm 104 k. Medical device 38 k is configured such that: a tool (e.g., 200) can be coupled to threaded member 264 k such that the tool can be rotated to rotate threaded member 268 k; and if threaded member 268 k is rotated in a first rotational direction 224 when arm 104 k is in the collapsed position, then shuttle 268 k will travel in a substantially linear first direction 284 to cause arm 104 k to move from the collapsed position toward the expanded position.

For example, in the embodiment shown, cam slot 304 k is formed in housing 120 k of platform 100 k, and pin 300 k is coupled in fixed relation to arm 104 k such that pin 300 k is slideably received in cam slot 304 k. More particularly, housing 120 k of platform 100 k includes one or more cam slots 304 k (two, in the depicted embodiment) that are angularly disposed relative to the longitudinal axis of platform 100 k and that extend transversely through at least a portion of the platform. In some embodiments, platform 100 k can include a second cam slot (not shown, but parallel to substantially linear directions 284, 288) extending transversely through at least a portion of the platform. In the embodiment shown, proximal end 164 of arm 100 k is coupled to platform 100 k by pin or pins 300 k extending into cam slots 304 k, such that in moving from the collapsed position of FIG. 14C to the expanded position of FIG. 14D, arm 104 k moves both longitudinally with shuttle 268 k in the direction of distal end 124 of platform 100 k and angularly outward from platform 100 k. In the embodiment shown, threaded member 264 k includes an Allen screw head 248 k to receive a tool that comprises an Allen wrench.

FIGS. 15A-15C depict various views of another embodiment 38 l of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 l is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, and 38 k, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, threaded member 2641 comprises a tab 2481 with a hole configured to receive a tool (e.g., 220) that includes a hook to rotate threaded member 2641.

FIGS. 16A-16B depict various views of another embodiment 38 m of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 m is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, and 38 l, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 m is substantially similar to device 38 l, but is configured such that housing 120 m of platform 100 m includes a side access panel 308 that can be removed to access internal components of device 38 m. As illustrated for device 38 m, the arm (e.g., 104 m) of the present devices (e.g., 38 m) can be can have a rectangular cross section and/or longitudinal recess 132 can be provided with a cross-sectional shape that matches the cross-sectional shape of the arm (e.g., to reduce the likelihood of debris from entering longitudinal recess 132 while the arm is in the collapsed position).

FIGS. 17A-17B depict various views of another embodiment 38 n of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 n is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, and 38 m, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 n is substantially similar to device 38 l, but is configured such that threaded member 264 n includes a slotted end 248 n with a post across the slot such that the slot can receive a tool (e.g., 220) that includes a hook to rotate threaded member 264 n.

FIGS. 18A-18J depict various views of another embodiment 38 o of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 o is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, and 38 n, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 o is substantially similar to device 38 l, but is configured such that platform 100 o includes one or more (e.g., two, as shown) guide rods 312 that are substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of platform 100 o. In the embodiment shown, shuttle 268 o is slidably coupled to guide rods 312. Additionally, in the embodiment shown, medical device 38 o is configured such that: if threaded member 264 o is rotated in a first rotational direction 224 when arm 104 o is in the collapsed position, then shuttle 268 o will travel in a substantially linear first direction 284 along guide rods 312 to cause arm 104 o to move from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. In this configuration, guide rods 312 are configured to act as linear bearings by helping to constrain or limit shuttle 268 o to forward/back linear motion along guide rods 312.

FIGS. 19A-19K depict various views of another embodiment 38 p of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 p is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, 38 n, and 38 o, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, arm 104 p is pivotally coupled to platform 100 p such that arm 104 p is rotatable around rotational axis 108 between a collapsed position (FIG. 19H) and an expanded position (FIG. 19K). Medical device 38 p comprises: a spring 316 configured to bias arm 104 p toward platform 100 p in a first direction 320 that substantially parallel to rotational axis 108. In the embodiment shown, medical device 38 p is configured such that: in the absence of an external force arm 104 p can contact platform 100 p such that arm 104 p is substantially prevented from rotating relative to platform 100 p; a tool (e.g., 220) can be coupled to arm 104 p to move arm 104 p relative to platform 100 p in a second direction 324 that is substantially parallel to rotational axis 108; and if arm 104 p is moved in second direction 324 such that arm 104 p is separated from platform 100 p then arm 104 p is permitted to rotate relative to platform 100 p. FIG. 19E is a partially cutaway view that omits a portion of platform 100 p to show portions of device 38 p in more detail, FIG. 19F is a cutaway view showing only the portion of platform 100 p that includes tongue 328, and FIG. 19G is a cutaway view showing only the portion of arm 104 p that includes grooves 332.

In the embodiment shown, one of platform 100 p and arm 104 p (platform 100 p in the embodiment shown) comprises a tongue 328, the other of platform 100 p and arm 104 p (arm 104 p in the embodiment shown) comprises a groove 332, and device 38 p is configured such that if tongue 328 is aligned with groove 332 and arm 104 p contacts platform 100 p, then tongue 328 and groove 332 cooperate to substantially prevent rotation of the arm relative to the platform. In the embodiment shown, arm 104 p comprises two grooves 332 that intersect each other and rotational axis 108 (e.g., two grooves 332 whose respective central axes intersect). In the embodiment shown, grooves 332 are disposed at an angle 334 of between 30 and 60 degrees (e.g., equal to, greater than, or between any of: 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and/or 60 degrees) relative to one another. For example, in the embodiment shown, one of the two grooves 332 corresponds to the collapsed position of the arm, and the other of the two grooved 332 corresponds to the expanded position of the arm.

FIGS. 19H-19K illustrate the deployment or rotation of arm 104 p (the groove and tongue are on the opposite side of the arm in FIGS. 19H-19K, for clarity in the illustrated perspective, but the function and construction are otherwise substantially similar). More particularly, in the embodiment shown, an axle 204 p is coupled in fixed relation to arm 104 p and axle 204 p includes a slotted end with a post across the slot such that the slot can receive a tool (e.g., 220) that includes a hook to engage the post of axle 204 p in the slot of axle 204 p. As shown in FIG. 19H tool engages axle 204 p such that tool can pull axle 204 p and arm 104 p in first direction 320 to compress spring 316 and separate arm 104 p (and groove 332) from platform 100 p (and tongue 328). Upon separation of arm 104 p from platform 100 p (e.g., by at least the greater of the height of tongue 328 or the depth groove 332), as shown in FIG. 19F, then arm 104 p is permitted to rotate relative to platform 100 p, as shown in FIG. 19G. When or while arm is rotated from the collapsed position to the expanded position, arm 104 p can be permitted to return to its biased state in which arm 104 p is in contact with platform 100 p, such that when tongue 328 is aligned with the groove 332 that corresponds to the expanded position of arm 104 p, arm 104 p will be substantially prevented from rotating relative to platform 100 p.

FIGS. 20A-20F depict various views of another embodiment 38 q of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 q is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, 38 n, 38 o, and 38 p, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 q is substantially similar to device 38 p, but platform 100 q comprises a first set of teeth 336; arm 104 q comprises a second set of teeth 340, and medical device 38 q is configured such that: in the absence of an external force, first set of teeth 336 contacts second set of teeth 340 such that arm 104 p is substantially prevented from rotating relative to platform 100 p; and a tool can be coupled to medical device 38 q (e.g., to axle 204 q) to rotate arm 104 q around rotational axis 108. For example, in the embodiment shown, axle 204 q comprises an Allen screw configuration, and due to the angled surfaces and relatively shallow depth of the teeth, arm 104 q can be rotated relative to platform 100 q without first pulling arm 104 q away from platform 100 q (e.g., the angled surfaces of the teeth can be configured such that the lateral component of a torque applied to axle 204 q is sufficient to separate arm 104 q and platform 100 q to permit rotation of the arm). In other embodiments, arm 104 q can be pulled or otherwise separated from platform 100 q before rotating arm 104 q relative to platform 100 q.

FIGS. 21A-21B depict various views of an arm 104 r suitable for use with device 38 q. Arm 104 r is substantially similar to arm 104 q, but first set of teeth 340 r are configured as a separate piece that is coupled to arm 104 r (e.g., by way of pins or other fasteners). In some embodiments first set of teeth 340 r comprise a material that is different than that of the arm.

FIGS. 22A-22E depict various views of another embodiment 38 s of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 s is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, 38 n, 38 o, 38 p, 38 q, and 38 r, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, arm 104 s is pivotally coupled to platform 100 s such that arm 104 s is rotatable at least 90 degrees around rotational axis 108 between a collapsed position and an expanded position. In the embodiment shown, medical device 38 s comprises a motor 344 s coupled to (e.g., internal to) arm 104 s; a first gear 212 s coupled in fixed relation to platform 100 s; and a second gear 216 s coupled to motor 344 s. In the embodiment shown, medical device 38 s is configured such that: if motor 344 s is actuated to rotate second gear 212 s in a first rotational direction 224 when arm 104 s is in the collapsed position, then arm 104 s will rotate from the collapsed position toward the expanded position. In some embodiments, medical device 38 s further comprises: a third gear (not shown) rotatably coupled to platform 100 s such that the third gear is configured to rotate around rotational axis 108 (e.g., to help distribute the load between first gear 212 s and second gear 216 s).

FIGS. 23A-23E depict various views of another embodiment 38 t of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 t is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, 38 n, 38 o, 38 p, 38 q, 38 r, and 38 s, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 t comprises a motor 344 t coupled to (e.g., internal to) platform 100 t, a second gear 216 t coupled to motor 344 t, a first gear 212 t coupled in fixed relation to arm 104 t, and a third gear 252 t rotatably coupled to arm 104 t such that third gear 252 t (e.g., to help distribute the load between first gear 212 t and second gear 216 t). As shown, each of first, second, and third gears 212 t, 216 t, 252 t has a custom shape that is different from a standard toothed gear, and each gear instead comprises a plurality of substantially equally-sized, substantially circular protrusions from a central hub. FIG. 23F is a partially cutaway view that omits a portion of platform 100 t to show portions of device 38 t (including the gears) in more detail.

FIGS. 24A-24F depict various views of another embodiment 38 u of the present medical devices, which can also be used as part of one of the present systems. Medical device 38 u is similar in several respects to medical devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, 38 n, 38 o, 38 p, 38 q, 38 r, 38 s, and 38 t, so generally only the differences between them will be described here. In particular, medical device 38 u is similar to device 38 j, but comprises: a member 264 u (e.g., non-threaded member 264 u) movably (e.g., slidably) coupled to platform 100 u; a shuttle 268 u coupled to member 264 u (e.g., via a pin or tab); and a shuttle arm 272 u having a first end 276 u coupled to shuttle 268 u and a second end 280 u coupled to hub 260 u of arm 104 u. In the embodiment shown, medical device 38 u is configured such that: a tool (e.g., 220) can be coupled to member 264 u to move (e.g., slide) member 264 u (e.g., by pushing member 264 u with the tool); and if member 264 u is moved in a substantially linear first direction 284 when arm 104 u is in the collapsed position (FIG. 24E), then shuttle 268 u will travel in first direction 284 to cause arm 104 u to rotate from the collapsed position (FIG. 24E) toward the expanded position (FIG. 24F). In the embodiment shown, medical device 38 u further comprises: a spring 348 configured to bias member 268 u in second direction 288 such that if arm 104 u is deployed and member 268 u is moved in second direction 288, spring 348 will cause arm 104 u to rotate toward the collapsed position.

In any of the present embodiments, the medical device e.g., devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, 38 n, 38 o, 38 p, 38 q, 38 r, 38 s, 38 t, and 38 u) can be sterilized. For example, embodiments of the present medical devices can comprise a sterilized and/or sterile platform (e.g., 100 a, 100 b, 100 c, etc.) and/or a sterilized and/or sterile arm (e.g., 104 a, 104 b, 104 c, etc.). Embodiments of the present medical devices (e.g., devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, 38 n, 38 o, 38 p, 38 q, 38 r, 38 s, 38 t, and 38 u) can be made by any suitable method and can comprise any suitable material or materials. For example, the platforms (e.g., 100 a, 100 b, 100 c, etc.) and arms (e.g., 104 a, 104 b, 104 c, etc.) can be machined by conventional subtractive methods such as milling or turning, or can be formed by additive methods such as those used for rapid prototyping; and can comprise suitable biocompatible materials such as plastics, metals, composites, alloys, and the like. Various other components such as, for example, bearings, gears, fluid cylinders, cables, conductors, conduits, and the like can be obtained from common mechanical/electrical suppliers, such as, for example, Small Parts, Inc., Florida, USA; McMaster-Carr Supply Company, Georgia, USA; Stock Drive Products/Sterling Instrument, New York, USA; SMC Corporation of America, Indiana, USA; Bimba Manufacturing Company, Illinois, USA; Festo Corporation, New York, USA; Faulhaber Group, Germany; and MicroMo Electronics, Inc., Florida, USA. Similarly, the parts or components of embodiments of the present systems and/or medical devices can be assembled through any suitable means including, for example, conventional manual techniques, fastening, press-fitting, securing with biocompatible epoxies or adhesives, and the like. In embodiments of the present systems and medical devices that include tether 42, and tether 42 serves to couple the tool of the device to a power source, the source can be a hydraulic source such as a fluid (liquid or gas) pressure source. Examples of fluid pressure sources include hand pumps, electric pumps, compressed gas bottles with a pressure regulator, or the like. In embodiments in which the power source that tether 42 can couple to the tool is an electrical power source, examples of such power sources include batteries, electric amplifiers, and the like. Other examples of electrical power sources that can be used where the tool is a cautery tool include, as mentioned above, electrosurgery units, such as, for example, an electrosurgery unit or power source available from suppliers such as, for example, ValleyLab, Colorado, USA; Erbe USA, Inc., Georgia, USA. In some embodiments, tether 42 can include more than one conductors and/or conduits. For example, tether 42 can include one conductor and one conduit, two conductors and one conduit, three conductors, or the like, as appropriate for delivering hydraulic fluid (gas or liquid) and/or electric power to various components of the relevant device (e.g., devices 38 a, 38 b, 38 c, 38 d, 38 e, 38 f, 38 g, 38 h, 38 i, 38 j, 38 k, 38 l, 38 m, 38 n, 38 o, 38 p, 38 q, 38 r, 38 s, 38 t, and 38 u). By of way additional examples, the tether 42 can include a conductive portion coaxially around a fluid conduit, or can include a conductive portion (insulated) within a fluid conduit (e.g., configured to permit fluid to flow within the conduit adjacent to the conductor).

The various embodiments of the present systems, apparatuses, devices, and methods described in this disclosure can be employed and/or applied for any suitable medical or surgical procedures, including, for example, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), single-incision laparosopic surgery (SILS), single-port laparoscopy (SLP), and others.

The various illustrative embodiments of systems, apparatuses, devices, and methods described herein are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, they include all modifications and alternatives falling within the scope of the claims. For example, although the version of cam slots 304 k shown in platform 100 k of device 38 k extend through the platform in which they reside such that slots 304 k, in other embodiments, slots 3041 may extend only partially into the respective portions of the platform in which they reside such that slots 3041 are not visible from either side of the platform (e.g., as in device 38 l of FIGS. 15A-15C).

The claims are not intended to include, and should not be interpreted to include, means-plus- or step-plus-function limitations, unless such a limitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase(s) “means for” or “step for,” respectively. 

1. A medical device comprising: a platform comprising at least one of a magnetically-attractive material and a material capable of being magnetically-charged; an arm pivotally coupled to the platform such that the arm is rotatable around a rotational axis between a collapsed position and an expanded position; and a detent mechanism configured to adjustably fix the position of the arm relative to the platform.
 2. The medical device of claim 1, where the detent mechanism comprises a detent member coupled to one of the platform and the arm such that the detent member is biased in a bias direction toward the other of the platform and the arm.
 3. The medical device of claim 2, where the detent mechanism further comprises a spring configured to bias the detent member in the bias direction.
 4. The medical device of claim 2, where the detent member comprises a ball.
 5. The medical device of claim 1, where the platform comprises a resilient portion biased toward the arm, and the detent member comprises a protrusion extending from the resilient portion of the platform such that the detent member is biased in a bias direction toward the other of the platform and the arm.
 6. The medical device of claim 1, where the other of the platform and the arm comprises one or more indentations configured to receive the detent member.
 7. The medical device of claim 6, where the one or more indentations comprise a first indentation corresponding to the collapsed position of the arm and a second indentation corresponding to the expanded position of the arm.
 8. The medical device of claim 7, where the one or more indentations comprise a third indentation corresponding to at least one position of the arm between the collapsed position and the expanded position.
 9. The medical device of claim 6, where at least one of the one or more indentations comprises a curved surface.
 10. The medical device of claim 9, where at least one of the one or more indentations comprises a substantially semispherical surface.
 11. The medical device of claim 1, where the detent member of the detent mechanism is coupled to the platform, and the arm comprises the indentation.
 12. The medical device of claim 1, where the detent member of the detent mechanism is coupled to the arm, and the platform comprises the indentation.
 13. The medical device of claim 1, where the detent mechanism is configured such that the detent member can move linearly along a bias axis between an extended position and a collapsed position.
 14. The medical device of claim 13, where the bias axis is substantially perpendicular to the rotational axis.
 15. The medical device of claim 13, where the arm is rotatable in a rotational plane, and the bias axis is substantially parallel to the rotational plane.
 16. The medical device of claim 13, where the arm is rotatable in a rotational plane, and the bias axis is substantially perpendicular to the rotational plane. 17-53. (canceled) 